Abbreviations

AAMR: age-adjusted mortality rates

AAPC: average annual percentage change

ACC: American College of Cardiology

ACEi: angiotensin converting enzyme iinhibitor

AF: atrial fibrillation

AHA: American Heart Association

AMA: American Medical Association

APC: annual percentage change

AR reduction: absolute risk reduction

ARB: angiotensin II receptor blockers

ARIC: Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study 

ARNi: angiotensin receptor/neprilysin inhibitor

ASIAN-HF = Asican Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure Registry

BIOSTAT CHF: A Systems Biology Study to Tailored Treatment in Chronic Heart Failure

BMI: body mass index

CARDIA: Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study

CDC: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

CHA: Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry

CHAMP HF: Change the Management of Patients with Heart Failure

CHD: coronary artery disease 

CHS: Cardiovascular Health Study 

CI: confidence interval

COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019

CRT: cardiac resynchronization therapy

CV: cardiovascular

EF: ejection fraction

ESC – HF: European Society of Cardiology. Heart Failure

ESC: European Society of Cardiology

EVOLUTION HF: Utilization of Dapagliflozin and Other Guideline Directed Medical Therapies in Heart Failure Patients

FHS: Framingham Heart Study

GBD: Global Burden of Disease

G-CHF: Global Congestive Heart Failure Registery

GDMT: guideline directed medical therapy

GWTG: Get With The Guidelines® 

HCUP: Healthcare Cost and Utilization Proejct

HF: heart failure

HFA: Heart Failure Association

HfbEF: heart failure with borderline ejection fraction

HFimpEF: heart failure with mildly improved ejection fraction

HFmrEF: heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction

HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction

HFSA: Heart Failure Society of America

HRS: Health and Retirement Study

ICD = International Classification of Diseases (when referencing ICD-9 or ICD-10 codes)

ICD: implantable cardioverter defibrillator 

INTER-CHF = INTERnational Congestive Heart Failure Study

IQR: interquartile range

LVAD: left ventricular assist device

LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction

MEPS: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey

MESA: Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

MI: myocardial infarction

MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists

N: total number of HF patients enrolled

NCHS: National Center for Health Statistics

NCI: National Cancer Institute

NEDS: Nationwide Emergency Department Sample

NHANES: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

NIS: National Inpatient Sample

NNT: Number Needed to Treat

NR: not reported

NRD: Nationwide Readmission Database

NVSS: National Vital Statistics System

NYHA: New York Heart Association

OPTIMIZE-HF: Organized Program to Initiate Lifesaving Treatment in Hospitalized Patients with Heart Failure

PAR: Population attributable risk

PCP-HF: Pooled Cohort Equations to Prevent Heart Failure 

PI: Pacific Islander

PINNICLE HF: Practice Innovation and Clinical Excellence Registry

PREVEND: Prevention of Renal and Vascular End Stage Disease Study

PY: person years

QUALIFY: Quality of Adherence to Guideline Recommendations for Life-Saving Treatment in Heart Failure Survey

RCT: randomized controlled trial

REPORT-HF: international REgistry to assess medical Practice with lOngitudinal obseRvation for Treatment of Heart Failure

RR reduction: relative risk reduction

RR: rate ratios

SCCS: Southern Community Cohort Study

SDoH: social determinants of health

SGLT2I: Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors

sHr: subdistribution hazard ration per unit change in the clinical covariate

SRTR: Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients

UI: uncertainty level

UK: United Kingdom

US: United States of America

WHO: World Health Organization

WONDER: Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research